Prepare for hot weather to prevent heat-related illness and death. Our bodies take about two weeks to get used to sudden spikes in temperature. That is how people in hot climates and outdoor workers can tolerate extreme heat while others cannot. Children, the elderly and the chronically ill are particularly vulnerable to the effects of heat.
Make sure that you and those you care for do not suffer unnecessarily during hot weather events. Check on those who may need help accessing air conditioning, such as the elderly and chronically ill, especially those who live in high-rise buildings. Watch for signs of
- dehydration
- heat exhaustion
- heat stroke
- sunburn
Dehydration
Dehydration is caused by the excessive loss of water and salts from the body due to illness or from prolonged exposure to heat. City of Ottawa Paramedics would like to remind you that severe dehydration can easily become a life-threatening condition for infants and the elderly.
Causes:
- Severe sweating
- Extreme heat
- Diarrhea
- Vomiting
- Certain medication can cause the body to lose water, and, if not replenished, can accelerate the onset of dehydration
Preventing dehydration:
- Drink plenty of fluids throughout the day - more when sweating
- Avoid strenuous work or sports activities during the intense sunlight hours from 10 am to 3 pm
What to look for:
- Thirst
- Dry skin
- Fatigue
- Light headedness
- Confusion
- Dry mouth (mucous membranes)
- Increased heart rate
- Increased breathing rate
- Less frequent urination
Treatment:
- Move the person to a cool and dry place
- Have the person lie down and rest
- Have person drink fluids such as water, juice or sports drinks
- Monitor the person - especially children and the elderly
Heat exhaustion
Heat exhaustion is a non-life-threatening condition caused by the excessive loss of water and salts from the body due to prolonged exposure to extreme heat. City of Ottawa Paramedics remind you that continued exposure may lead to heat stroke, which is life-threatening. Young children and the elderly are most susceptible to heat exhaustion.
Causes:
- Prolonged exposure to extreme heat
- Loss of body water and salts - usually through sweating
- Not drinking enough fluids
- Certain illnesses will also cause heat exhaustion
Preventing heat exhaustion:
- Keep cool - take frequent breaks when working or playing outdoors in extreme heat
- Wear light-coloured clothes and hat - they reflect heat from the sun
- Avoid strenuous work or sport activities during the intense sunlight hours from 10 am to 3 pm
- Drink plenty of fluids throughout the day, preferable water. 100% juice or sports drinks also help to keep you hydrated.
What to look for:
- Headache
- Blurred vision
- Nausea or upset stomach
- Vomiting
- Sluggishness or fatigue
- Thirst
- Profuse sweating
- Moderate increase in body temperature
Treatment:
- Move the person to a cool and dry place
- Have the person lie down and rest
- Apply cool water to skin and reapply often
- Fan the wet skin
- Have person drink fluids such as water, juice or sports drinks (Gatorade™)
- Apply ice to head, neck, armpits and groin areas
- If the person is showing signs of heat stroke call 9-1-1 immediately
Heat stroke
Heat stroke is a life-threatening condition. City of Ottawa Paramedics would like to remind you to seek immediate medical attention if you, or someone you know is suffering from heat stroke. Heat stroke occurs when the body cannot cool itself, usually by sweating and the internal (core) temperature of the body becomes too high. Children, seniors, outdoor workers and sports enthusiasts are most susceptible to heat stroke.
Causes:
- The inability of the body to cool itself after prolonged exposure to extreme heat
Preventing heat stroke:
- Keep cool - take frequent breaks when working or playing outdoors in extreme heat
- Wear light-coloured clothes and hat - they reflect heat from the sun
- Avoid strenuous work or sports activities during the intense sunlight hours from 10 am to 3 pm
- Drink plenty of fluids throughout the day such as water, 100% fruit juice or sports drinks
- Do not drink caffeinated drinks or alcoholic beverages - they accelerate the effects of heat stroke
What to look for:
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Disorientation, agitation or confusion
- Sluggishness or fatigue
- Seizures
- Hot dry skin
- Increased body (inner) temperature
- Loss of consciousness
- Rapid heart beat
- Hallucinations
Treatment:
- Call 9-1-1 immediately - heat stroke can be deadly
- Move the person to a cool and dry place
- Apply cool water to skin and reapply often
- Fan the wet skin
- Apply ice to head, neck, armpits and groin areas
Sun burn
Sunburn occurs when skin cells that are not protected from direct exposure to the sun are burned. Depending on the length of the skin's exposure the result can range from a mild burning sensation to severe blistering of the affected area. Research shows that repeated overexposure to the sun may lead to various forms of cancer including melanoma. Remember, there is no such thing as a healthy tan.
Causes:
- Overexposure to the sun
- Children and people with fair or freckled skin, blue eyes, and light-coloured or reddish hair are generally more susceptible to sunburns
- Certain medications can cause the skin to burn quicker - talk to your pharmacist about what medications can cause this
Preventing sunburn:
- Stay in the shade and avoid the sun between 11 am and 4 pm when the UV Index is 3 or higher
- The sun's harmful rays can get through fog, haze and light cloud cover
- Apply sunscreen and lip balm with a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) or 30 or more that protect against both UVA and UVB rays. Do not apply sunscreen to babies under six months
- Wear a wide-brim hat to protect the face, ears and neck
- Wear tightly woven clothing including long sleeved shirts and pants to minimize exposure to the sun
- Pay special attention around water, snow and concrete - they all reflect the sun and will intensify its effects
What to look for:
- Skin is red, tender and warm to touch
- Blisters
- Severe reactions such as fever, chills, nausea or rash
- Fever or chills
- Peeling skin several days later
Symptoms may not appear for several hours and the full effect of the burn may take up to 24 hours to occur.
Treatment:
- Cool compresses, moistened wash cloths placed in freezer, or taking a cool bath will help minimize pain and swelling
- Apply aloe gel if needed; avoid use of creams or lotions that can hold heat inside the skin or contain numbing medication, such as benzocaine or lidocaine).
- Pain medications such as Tylenol™ or Advil™ may help to reduce pain and swelling - never give Aspirin™ (ASA) to children
- Severe sunburn requires medical attention, when in doubt consult your health care provider